Get Permission Shah and Trivedi: Protocols for standardization regarding golden proportion in facial profile analysis


Introduction

“Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder” is the universally recognized truth regarding physical attractiveness. Various factors through multiple explorations in the field of facial perception have been identified. There is no single principle which can define beauty.1 Rhodes2 identified and focused on factors & their links to attractiveness. Little et al.3 found that one’s perception of own attractiveness determines the opinion of others’ attractiveness, thereby DeBruine4 confirmed that faces resembling their own have been preferred by both sexes.

Not only the architectural structures, the musical composition as well as the dimensions of the human body demonstrate the golden section and the golden rectangle, a figure which is spanned by two sides in the golden section ratio.5, 6 Moreover, the golden section is effectively applied in line, the length is divided into two sub segments: a major sub segment and a minor sub segment.7 In this paper, we have taken a call to standardize protocols for regarding Golden proportion in facial profile analysis.

The golden section

The composition of golden section has fascinated mathematicians & artists since time immemorial.

To present golden section geometrically, a line segment with length L is divided into sub segment – a major & a minor. M depicting major segment while m depicting minor segment.

Therefore it is to say that the geometric mean of L & m is M. Euclides (4th century BC), M2 is the spanned by the major, is equivalent to the Lm, which in turn is the area spanned by the length L & the minor m. Φ derived from the name of Greek sculptor Phidias (5th century BC), is used to dissipate the ratio of whole to major segment.It can be pronounced,M + m = M = Φm mThus, it is safe to assumeΦ2 – Φ – 1 = 0;

Since The Phidias number Φ must be positive, thereby an equation which has a positive and a negative root

Protocols

Firstly, all subjects are randomly selected from database of Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics. All subjects have to be screened for IOTN (Aesthetic Index) 11 to determine the need for Orthodontic treatment according to the severity. Once this set up is done, all subjects are distributed and arranged in different groups according to skeletal dysplasia and growth pattern. We determine craniofacial morphological parameters as described by Ricketts8 on Lateral Cephalogram and then to determine the extent to which craniofacial parameters do alter in comparison with the golden ratio.

Figure 1

IOTN (Aesthetic Component): Level of attractiveness on scale of 1-109

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Table 0

Score

Need for treatment

½

No need

¾

Slight need

5/6/7

Moderate need

8/9/10

Definite need

The pre-treatment records need to be uploaded in dolphin imaging software 2D (version 11.8). Lateral Cephalogram of all subjects will be digitized & measurement will be notified in study performa.

Table 1

The characteristics are

Characteristics

Definition

Angle ANB

It is an angle between point Nasion - A to Nasion –B

Angle FMA

It is an angle between Frankfort Horizontal Plane and Mandibular Plane

Jaraback’s Ratio

It is the ratio of Posterior Facial Height to Anterior Facial Height

GoGn – SN

Intersection of SN plane and Mandibular Plane

Nasion perpendicular to A

It is linear distance from line perpendicular from Nasion to point A

Nasion perpendicular to B

Linear distance from line perpendicular from Nasion to point B

Saddle Angle

It is an angle between Nasion – Sella to Sella to Articulare

Articulare Angle

It is an angle between Sella to Articulare to Articulare to Gonion

Mx-Mn Diff.

It is difference between Midfacial length and effective mandibular length

Xi-Pm

Corpus Axis

Xi-Co

Condylar Axis

SN

Anterior cranial base

SBa

Posterior cranial base

CC

Centre of cranium

Point N

Nasion

Point Ar

Articulare

Point S

Sella

Point Ba

Basion

ANS-PNS

Hard palate

Pm

Protuberance menti

GL

Glenoid fossa

Point O

Orbitale

L1

Tip of mandibular incisor

Figure 2

There are 9 craniofacial parameters, which are associated with Golden proportion in ideal human face.

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Figure 3

Xi-Pm to Xi-Co

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Figure 4

1.SN to SBa

2. CC – N to CC – Ar

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Figure 5

(1) & (5) ANS-PNS to depth of nasopharynx and point A-PNS- to posterior border of the neck of the condyle

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Figure 6

(6) A-Pm to A-FH (7) Eye to nasal floor – nasal floor to Menton (8) L1-Pm to L1-A

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Discussion

Cephalometric, a science that relates to measurement of face & head is rather the centuries-old and owes its development to anthropologists, anatomists, maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists. The said facial analysis is the quantitative evaluation of all craniofacial features as specifically determined and intervened by certain norms & parameters.

EDWARD A. LUSTER’MAN (1963)10 had said since the evaluation of race types may have a profound influence on an orthodontist’s treatment planning, it must be considered one of the orthodontist’s most important diagnostic criteria. Anthropological typing of a great majority of occidental white persons in North America is fairly easy. Apart from the head form (cranial index), Face form, nose form, stature, body build, eye color, and hair texture were found to be the most highly useful criteria, although all eleven characteristics were used in this study. Because of the prevalent use of hair dyes, depilatories, etc., criteria with respect to hair had to be critically evaluated.

A method for finding the Arcial growth of the mandible is explained by Robert M Rickets (1972),11 along with the enumeration of some of the uses of the principle. The article also explores necessary changes in the present clinical concepts by the application of the same biological principle. According to the principle, a curve or arc at the ramus which is a segment from a circle, is followed during growth of normal human mandible; the radius of this circle is determined using distance from a point at the forking of the stress lines at the terminus of the oblique ridge on the medial side of the ramus (point Eva) to mental protuberance (Pm).

Robert M. Ricketts (1982)8, 10, 11, 9 suggested that the attraction at the limbic level in the human mind, functions in proportion to golden section. The article presents the application of basic mathematical and geometric principles to the normal morphology of structures regularly involved in orthodontics and dentistry. Models of teeth of normal occlusion subjects, photographs of the faces of commercial models, and lateral and frontal Cephalometric head films were utilized to conduct the study. The study concludes that esthetics can indeed be made scientific rather than resorting to historical subjective perceptions.

This article is neither a clinical reference nor it intends to be a debate on the facial architecture. Rather, it is a working set of facial analysis for both sexes, is presented, which for the purpose of standardization protocols and then it needs to be evolved statistically.

Conclusion

The primary aim of this study is to analyse and divide subjects based on the various malocclusion and ratio of the craniofacial parameters among the different groups of IOTN. The secondary aim is to assess if this ratio matches the golden proportion in all the groups.

Source of Funding

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

1 

J Armstrong The Secret Power of Beauty: Why Happiness is in the Eye of the BeholderAllen Lane, London2004192

2 

G Rhodes The evolutionary psychology of facial beautyAnnu Rev Psychol200657199226

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A C Little DM Burt IS Penton-Voak DI Perrett Self perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male facesProc R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci200626814623944

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L M Debruine Facial resemblance increases the attractiveness of same sex faces more than other sex facesProc R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci20042711552208590

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6 

S Lipovetsky FA Lootsma Theory and methodology: generalized golden sections, repeated bisections and aesthetic pleasureEuropean J Oper Res2000121121329

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C Rossi CA Tout Were the Fibonacci series and the golden section known in ancient Egypt?Historia Math200229210114

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R M Ricketts The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci seriesAm J Orthod198281535170

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H Peter WC Brook The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priorityEur J Orthod198911330929

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E A Luster The aesthetics of the occidental face: A study of dentofacial morphology based upon anthropologic criteriaAJO Nov1963491182650

11 

R M Rickets Archial Growth of mandibleArch Growth of Mandible. Angle Orthod197242436886



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Article History

Received : 10-07-2022

Accepted : 24-08-2022


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Article DOI

https://doi.org/ 10.18231/j.idjsr.2022.018


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